The New India

The BJP's stunning performance is being written about in articles, blogs and social media posts by millions of people in India and abroad. The purpose of this post is to think about what needs to be done if we are to truly recognize 16th May 2014 as a real turning point. The dawn of a new India.

What does the new Government need to do? They must have thought about it but sometimes in the euphoria of victory one can tend to deviate from the chosen path. In the quest for development which is the cornerstone of the new Government's agenda we should not forget critical changes in the way we think and do things. Processes are as important as outcomes as they determine what the soul of the nation really is.

Inclusiveness

• Many people in India whether Muslims, people from the North East, migrants from Bangladesh, Sri Lanka or Nepal are treated as outsiders in their own country. This is equally true of migrant labour (Biharis and UPites in Mumbai and Punjab for example). This needs to change. 
• India does not treat it's women folk as part of itself. They are treated as sexual objects or as an inferior race. Perhaps this is the single biggest biggest failure of Indian society.
• Growth cannot be for the elite alone. It has been proven time and again that growth per se can actually increase disparity. I'm not a great believer in the dole or handouts but we do need to be mindful of the poorest of the poor as the whole country progresses.

Systems and Processes - Simplification, Transparency and Empowerment

• India has a plethora of laws. Some of them are possibly the longest and most  complex pieces of legislation in the world. Complexity breeds opacity which in turn breeds corruption. We need to undertake a massive exercise to simplify our processes and systems. 
• Government bureaucracy is not empowered or at least they don't feel that they are. It is far easier for them to say no or to ask a question than to say yes.

The Role of the Bureaucracy

• Since colonial times, the role of the bureaucracy has been to subdue, control and exploit the native population. Unfortunately for us, independent India's leaders have done nothing to change this. It suits them to perpetuate this role. If Narendra Modi's vision of development is to be realized, the role of the bureaucracy needs to be reoriented to achieve this.
• Non-independence of the police, CBI and judiciary is part of this problem. The current structure does not allow for independent action (with some honourable exceptions amongst the judiciary)

Corruption

• The all pervasive presence of corruption in India has been too well documented to reiterate here. There are two types of corruption - transactional and organisational.
• Transactional corruption is the problem that the common man faces everyday. The AAP had the right idea when they started to tackle this. It is a grass roots issue and needs to be addressed from the bottom upwards. Organisational corruption is at a higher level - whether it is Bofors or crony capitalism or the 2G scam, these are bigger issues. This is equally difficult to handle as the vested interests at this level include the political class.

Enforcement

• Whether it is wrong parking, speeding or drunk driving, India has not been able to enforce it's own laws. These are, of course, very simple and even trivial examples but they are symptomatic of the malaise we are in today.
• Enforcement at a higher level is equally important. Many large businessmen feel that they can bend the rules as it's all a question of money. Obviously the bureaucracy and the politicians play along with it as they all make money.

Millions of dollars will be spent on development projects. There will be a quickening of the pulse of the nation as it shakes off the lethargy of the last few years. My fervent hope is that along with all the activity we stop and introspect about what we have become as opposed to what we would like to be. Let us not lose the nation's soul in our quest for progress.

Kejriwal's Resignation - Nautanki, Naivete or Nicely Done?

The established political parties, media and the glitterati are somewhat confounded by the abrupt resignation of the AAP Government in Delhi. It is probably the first instance of an en mass resignation by an elected government in India on a point of principle. The twittering classes typified by the likes of Suhel Seth are basically saying 'good riddance to bad rubbish' Their delicate sensibilities have been overwhelmed by the odour of the Aam Aadmi up close and personal and it's high time that politics was reclaimed by their own class even if they wear designer Khadi rather than Gucci or Armani. This type of response has been building up ever since Somnath Bharti had his run in with the Delhi Police some time ago. In essence, the elite may profess to want changes in the body politic but are unwilling to soil their lily white hands with the rather messy process of achieving it. Frankly, this response coming from the people that it does is irrelevant. Firstly because these people are are in a microscopic minority even though they wield disproportionate power in India today. Secondly they are not the AAPs constituency. The real Aam Aadmi is quite happy with the turn of events as they unfold. The 'Nautanki' response to the activities of the AAP is therefore highly visible as it's played out on National TV everyday but it's largely irrelevant even as the people who participate in the charade are irrelevant too. Their real fear is that the nation is finally waking up to an understanding of its own strength. When that happens it will be a revolution in the true sense of the word.

The second response is a trifle more charitable. In this scenario, the AAP is perceived to be well meaning but naive. Kejriwal is regarded as a simple minded idealist who came to power in a groundswell of public activism starting with Anna Hazare's movement. The party is seen as a bunch of novices who are unable to govern as they should. Rakhi Birla's midnight rounds were seen as sincere but childish attempts to improve matters for the homeless poor and people questioned whether Kejriwal could read and sign files while sleeping on the pavement.

Nothing could be further from the truth!

Kejriwal and his supporters have been planning their foray into politics for a long time. They realised that the association with Anna Hazare was ultimately leading nowhere and it was important to sharpen their focus by jettisoning some of their more simple minded colleagues from that movement. As of now, every move of the AAP has been carefully planned and orchestrated keeping in mind their main constituency, the Aam Aadmi. They decided to ally with the Congress as it was the lesser of the two evils. If they had refused to form a government, they would have lost out in two ways. One, that they would have disappointed a large section of their followers who had great hopes pinned on their victory. Secondly, they wanted to give a taste to the electorate about what exactly does it mean to have a government of the AAP. In this they have succeeded in no small measure. They have proved conclusively that their brand of 'active' politics is a hit with the Aam Aadmi. They will not sit in their offices and issue esoteric orders that on one follows. 'Management by Walking Around' was a phrase coined for a management style that mirrors the AAPs approach. For better of for worse the other parties have had to pick up some cues from the AAPs style. Hopefully this impact itself will be positive for the country.

Finally the resignation of the government was inevitable given the restrictions on the state of Delhi and the uneasy relationship that the AAP has with the political establishment. In my view it will achieve two very important objectives:

1. The established parties are terrified of a re-election before the Lok Sabha polls. The Congress less so as it has curled up and died in any case. However the BJP is really scared that if the AAP gets a thumping majority in Delhi in a re-election it will have a significantly negative impact on their chances in the Lok Sabha elections. This impact will be negated if the Delhi assembly elections are held along with or after the Lok Sabha elections.
2. Kejriwal is now free to concentrate on the Lok Sabha Elections. There are already rumours surfacing that he may decide to contest against Mr. Modi. Whether they are true or not they add to the larger than life picture that he already has (Muffler and perennial cough notwithstanding) and they add to the confusion and uncertainty in the BJP ranks. On a more serious note, the prospect of the AAP getting 50-60 seats has been significantly enhanced by the resignation of the AAP from the Delhi assembly. If that does happen it will open up some distinctly new possibilities!

All in all, it is fair to say that the AAP has remained true to its constituency and its principles. They are hardly naive and certainly not there for entertaining the public with their antics. They have now time and freedom to concentrate on the Lok Sabha elections and it will be interesting to the see the outcome of their efforts.  

Amartya Sen and the Aam Aadmi Party

The debate between two of the most famous Indian born Economists made for fascinating reading a few months ago. Jagdish Bhagwati was strongly in favour of growth as the key measure of economic success. It almost sounded like 'Growth at any Cost'. Amartya Sen, on the other hand, argued that growth has to be balanced and  inclusive. If it is not, rapid economic growth can actually widen disparities and create social tension between the haves and the have nots. The debate was very intense and often acerbic.

This debate, in a sense, is also being played out in the political arena as of now. One may argue that Mr. Modi clearly represents the Bhagwati faction. His mantra is all about growth and development and the Gujarat model is held up as the shining example of what Modinomics can do for the country. Amartya Sen, on the other hand is supported by a more motley crew. The Congress presents a somewhat muddled picture. There are times when they appear to be doing what it takes to uplift the masses. MNERGA and the Food Security Bill are examples of such activity. However, they falter when it comes to implementation and many of these measures actually create a feeling of dependence and complacency amongst the recipients. The Left and confused centre such as Trinamool Congress, AIDMK and the like largely tilt towards Sen, perhaps because he unwittingly provides a justification for populist, vote catching schemes so beloved of our political class.

Perhaps the strongest supporter of Amartya Sen and his inclusive economics is Arvind Kejriwal and the Aam Aadmi Party. The raison de etre for the AAP's existence is the uplift of the Aam Aadmi. As such the policies of the AAP should resonate strongly with Sen's arguments. The purpose of this blog is to analyse some of the strategic decisions that it is leading to and to look at their pros and cons.

1. The AAP's approach to removing corruption is interesting. One, they are approaching the problem from the ground upwards to start with. Most of the other political parties are oblivious of this. In a recent visit to Gujarat, for example, my taxi driver had a pay a bribe at the point of entry to the state for getting an entry permit. He did not think it was unusual but that is the state of affairs in Modi's Gujarat. Many people have praised Gujarat for the ease of doing business and I am sure that that is indeed the case, but 'transactional corruption' continues unabated. The AAP believes that the eradication of corruption must start with the common man. In other words it is an 'inclusive' process. Two, they are gunning for visibly corrupt figures. Their 'hit list' may be controversial and unproven but it does make a specific point. Until Kejriwal took on Shiela Dixit in her own constituency and defeated her, the thought of specifically targeting individuals deemed to be corrupt and keeping them out of public office had not occurred to anyone.
   
2. The strategy behind the redistribution of the cost burden for the power and water charges is again based on inclusive thinking. There is considerable outrage on the subsidies that have been provided for the common man by the Delhi Government but the AAPs thinking is consistent. They are focusing on delivering a benefit to the Aam Aadmi even if it means that more affluent consumers have to pay more. There is also a view that access to clean water is almost a fundamental right and it is the duty of a responsible government to provide for it. The other related point is about the somewhat questionable benefits that have arisen due to privatization. The purpose of this blog is not to make a case for Government control and operation of public utilities but there is certainly a case for maintaining a close check on their operations. Accusations such as gold plating of assets for getting a larger return on investment and sale of power at throw away rates during the lean season abound. These matters are of grave concern especially as the Delhi consumer of power is paying far more than he used to before privatization. Private companies involved with the Gurgaon Expressway and the Airport Express Metro Line have also not exactly covered themselves with glory.
   
   There is a clear difference between populism and inclusive growth. By definition, populism has a a negative, short term connotation (somewhat like the proposed bifurcation of AP where the long term benefits, if any, are lost in short term vote mathematics). Populism creates a feeling of dependency on the part of the recipient and does not result in a long term benefit. Inclusive growth, on the other hand, strives to create sustainable development. It strives to minimize inequality. The US also realized that they could not wipe out generations of ill usage of the black community by normal means. Affirmative Action is what they came up with and whatever one may say otherwise, racial prejudice is less in the US than in most other white majority counties. It is the duty of any right thinking Government to put the interests of its weakest sections first and ensure that the poorest of the poor also occupy their rightful place in the India of the future. Perhaps the AAP can show the way to the more established political parties in this regard.

Unraveling the AAP

The AAP has come under a lot of fire recently for their high handed, uncouth and racists statements and, in general, not behaving like a 'normal' political party should. Kejriwal has slept on the pavement in freezing rain and has shouted himself hoarse while condemning the Delhi police for not doing their duty. Various members of the party are making contradictory statements and there is no attempt to forge a common agenda. This blog will not attempt to justify their actions but rather to understand the ethos and motivation that goes behind all this.

I would like to make 3 points:

1. The AAP today resembles the Congress in pre-independence days. The Congress had a single point programme and that was Swarajya. Apart from that, it had a lot of conflicting ideologies. Nehru and Jinnah, Tilak and Gokhale did not see eye to eye on almost everything and the differences between Sardar Patel and Nehru were all too clear in the immediate aftermath of independence. Similarly, the AAP has started out with a single point agenda, Stated narrowly it is the elimination of corruption in the body politic and stated broadly it is an attempt to reform democratic institutions in India. This idea appeals to a very broad sweep of people. It has definite appeal to the educated middle class (the sort of people who will read this blog) and equally it will appeal to the rehri wallah who has to pay a hafta to the beat constable. Corruption in India is a universal subject. From the so called 'transactional' corruption faced by the rehri wallah to the institutionalized corruption of the 2G scam. It is therefore natural that a movement or party whose main plank is anti-corruption will appeal to all types of people. And therein lies the problem! A Meera Sanyal from an MNC bank may feel just as strongly about corruption as Somnath Bharti who is a street smart lawyer. However on most other matters they are unlikely to agree. This is what is creating the dissonance between statements of various members of the AAP. Eventually, as the party matures it will have to resolve these contradictions. As of now the media and the PR machinery of the established parties is having a field day with attacks on the AAP about these issues. I feel that this is an essential maturing phase for the AAP and they will learn how to handle internal contradictions. It is not a major priority as of now.
   
2. The second point is about methods. Strictly constitutional and conventional methods are rarely successful in solving intractable problems. The established political parties have virtually institutionalized corruption and the attendant issue of shiftless public servants who are unwilling to do their duty. As per the AAP, 70% of the complaints that they have received on the anti-corruption helpline are about the Police. All of us have experienced this even it is a small matter of paying off a traffic policeman for a speeding offence. The fact is that the Delhi police IS corrupt and nobody can deny that. The AAPs approach is based on two premises. One, approach the problem from the bottom upwards and try to address the Aam Aadmi's problems first and two, use direct public action rather than strictly conventional means to solve the issues. According to the Press, Somnath Bharti has become a hero of sorts in Khirki Extension. Whether you like it or not drugs and prostitution were serious problems there and they were being practiced by African residents. It is also true that several complaints by the local residents had not achieved anything. The conclusion, therefore, that the police were being paid off is difficult to escape. Bharti's methods, however crude and unpalatable they are to the educated middle class is the only thing that has worked after years of inaction. Kejriwal is not the first Chief Minister of Delhi to demand that the Police should report to him. Shiela Dixit had the same demand for the last 15 years. She also had the advantage of having the Congress in power at the Centre. However, her gentle, constitutional protests fell on deaf ears. It may need the junoon of a 'mad' chief minister to actually make it happen.
   
3. My last point is about who exactly are the Aam Aadmi? They are hardly the sort of people who will read this blog. They are not the educated, genteel folk who inhabit the corridors of power whether it be in public life or in the private sector. The Aam Aadmi are rough, crude, basic people with all the prejudices and problems that such people have. They have patriarchal attitudes towards women and think that Africans are 'habshis' who eat children. This, whether you like it or not, is the Aam Aadmi. Unfortunately, they don't understand gentle discourse. Rather they are attracted to the crude humour of a Kumar Vishwas. The AAP reflects this reality. Kejriwal and some of his team such as Yogendra Yadav and Bhushan are able to provide a bridge of some sort between what the AAP is really like and what the educated middle class wants them to be. The BJP has handled this by putting a lid on the more radical elements of the Sangh Pariwar - some of their utterances would be a serious embarrassment to the urbane Mr. Jaitley and even Mr. LK Advani. Mr. Modi himself is almost too radical for most of them. It would be a real pity if the AAP retreated from the freshness of their approach. They run the risk of losing their connect with the real Aam Aadmi if they tried to mould themselves in the same way as the established political parties. At best they need to curb vigilantism and expressions of rank prejudice. Other than that if they lose the support of opportunists like Chetan Bhagat and their ilk, it's actually better for them.

The AAP is in the news today. The English media has already started turning against them if Arnab Goswami's News Hour is any indication. However, the real Aam Aadmi has a lot riding on the success of the AAP. They represent the first hope of real change that we have seen in years. The educated middle class may be repelled by some of their tactics but we need to see beyond the obvious. As I said in my previous blog the philosophy that the AAP needs to adopt is of Nishkam Karam. They have to do their duty without thinking of the outcome and the reward. 

Nishkam Karam and the AAP

Nishkam Karam is an action performed according to one's sense of duty without the expectation of results. The opposite of Nishkam Karam is Sakam Karam which pertains to actions undertaken with an end objective in mind and is based on selfish motivation.

Most thinkers in the West and especially those who work with companies are strong advocates of Sakam Karam. Phrases like 'Management by Objectives' and 'Key Result Areas' and so forth are results of this kind of thinking. Performance bonuses and incentives are also an outcome of Sakam Karam thinking. On the other hand Indian philosophy focuses more on Nishkam Karam and indeed our most profound philosophical work, the Geeta is entirely based on this thinking. I feel that Sakam Karam has had a profoundly negative impact on commercial enterprises. It is outside the scope of this post to dwell on how short term, result oriented management ignores value creation in the long term. How 'quarter on quarter' growth has destroyed the core of otherwise well managed corporations. The purpose here is to look for a parallel in the political arena especially with reference to the fledgling AAP.

One of the strongest criticisms of the AAP is that they are politically inexperienced and unproven. This is of course true and is applicable to any young person at the start of their career. In my view this is a non issue. The fact is that both the established national parties in India (not to mention a slew of regional ones) have made a spectacular hash of governance. Even Modi's Gujarat has chinks in its armour and as for West Bengal and UP the less said the better. Hence, there is every reason to look for something new and not keep harking back to the lack of administrative experience of the AAP.

The second criticism about the AAP stems from the seemingly unconventional methods that they adopt. Yesterday I watched an extremely amusing (to me) debate on NDTV in which both the BJP and the Congress tried to belittle the anti corruption helpline that has been started in Delhi by the AAP. While the major parties went all out to criticize this initiative the fact was that the first day got as many as 25,000 calls about corruption! The political establishment is missing the main point. The fact is that our country is simply steeped in corruption and that the Aam Aadmi is just waiting to find a way of expressing his frustration. The Congress in its years of governance in Delhi did not do anything about it and the BJP is not much better. The AAP is at least providing a way forward. It may be imperfect but there is a willingness and desire to do something. One may argue that the multi thousand crore scams that one has got so used to hearing about are not going to be addressed by this help line. That is obviously true, but at least the 'transactional corruption' that Sanjay Jha referred to in the NDTV programme so glibly will get impacted to some extent.

Finally coming to the real purpose of writing this post. The fact of the matter is that corruption cannot be removed by waving a magic wand. Good governance will not descend from heaven. The corrupt edifice that has been created in Indian politics due to years of apathy and neglect will not go away in a hurry. The main thing is for the AAP to follow through diligently on what they undertake. There is no need to worry about results. Results will take care of themselves if they remain true to their ethical and moral philosophy. Most politicians are obsessed with re-election. The AAP should make the most of the time they have got to institute real, sincere and long lasting changes in the body politic. Re election will follow.

The Aam Aadmi Rises

A lot has been written about the Aam Aadmi Party and there will be a lot more in the coming weeks and months. Comments range from the fatuously feminist Sagarika Ghosh who questions why they call themselves 'Aadmi' to more evolved analysis about their aims and objectives.

In 2011 I had written about the Anna Hazare movement. The crux of the matter was that Kejriwal and his team had their eyes on a cleansing of the body politic. Or in a more gory analogy, thrusting a stake into the corrupt edifice that democracy has become in India. These objectives do not sound like evolution. They are revolutionary in intent and scope and that is the purpose of this post.

It is unfortunate that the major political parties have almost become clones of each other. The BJP may have a somewhat more right wing, Hindu supremacist agenda but its modus operandi is no different from the Congress. It was a telling moment when the political class closed ranks against Anna Hazare's movement. None of them really wanted an effective Lok Pal. It is another matter that the bill has now been passed to chalk up a few brownie points for the Government but I am prepared to wager that the effectiveness will be next to nil. The fact is that corruption and the related ills of inefficiency, wastefulness and lavish display have become part of our national culture. The shenanigans at Saifai conducted by the Yadav clan are a case in point.

AAP should not consider themselves to be a part of the political establishment just because they have won the Delhi elections. There is a charming naivete and idealism about the way they have started work in Delhi. This is as it should be. They are more of a people's movement rather than a political party. If they remain true to their original ethos they will achieve great things. A parallel is best drawn with the Bolshevik revolution in Russia. Originally idealistic, it degenerated into totalitarianism in the Stalin era. Kejriwal runs the risk of becoming a fat cat complete with designer kurta pyjamas, SUV and gun toting guards if he decides to compromise on his principles. There will be strong temptation for him to do so especially in the heady aftermath of the Delhi elections.

For his sake and for the country's I wish that he continues to tread the straight, narrow and difficult path for it is the only path that can rescue our country from the morass that it has sunk into. Tagore's inspirational poem about constant, solitary endeavour 'Ekla Chalo Re' should be a beacon light for the organisation:

If they answer not to thy call walk alone

If they are afraid and cower mutely facing the wall,

O thou unlucky one,

open thy mind and speak out alone.

If they turn away, and desert you when crossing the wilderness,

O thou unlucky one,

trample the thorns under thy tread,

and along the blood-lined track travel alone.

If they do not hold up the light when the night is troubled with storm,

O thou unlucky one,

with the thunder flame of pain ignite thy own heart,

and let it burn alone.

The Business of Business is Business

There has always been a debate on whether art depicts life as it is now or whether it influences the way that life will be in future. The former presupposes a static view of art as a reflection of current reality while the latter places it on a much higher plane. In India today as I see it, there are 5 major ‘art’ forms that have a bearing on our society. Regrettably, none of them are related to true creativity for the sake of it. Unfortunately for us, we are a mundane society that is far more influenced by materialistic creative renditions than by poetry, literature or painting. These 5 commercial art forms, for want of a better word are:

·        Advertising

·        Television serials and shows

·        Movies

·        Television news

·        Newspapers

While each of these has the power to influence society and public behaviour in varying ways, the purpose of this blog post is to focus on the first only i.e. Advertising and it's bearing on business.

There are several features about Advertising as a medium of expression. However, the critical point is that someone pays for it. It has a commercial objective as indeed most of the others referred to above also have. There is one important difference, however. Advertising is usually paid for by commercial enterprises. There is a direct and straightforward linkage between the medium and the fact that someone is using it to further his commercial objectives. Newspapers and some of the other media have at least a semblance of a social objective. “All the news that’s fit to print” implies a degree of selectivity (whether that is good or bad may be debated) that may have some bearing on what is good for society. Movies and serials have a creative life of their own. They may be produced for making a profit but the act of production itself has a creative genesis. Somewhere, somehow the writer, director or producer may be doing it as he genuinely wishes to showcase his creative skills rather than to just make money.

Advertising has none of these covers. It exists to sell products, services or create an image. It has no pretences of having a social objective. In the ‘70s when Hindustan Lever first came up with Fair and Lovely it was initially sold as a technically advanced cream that could incidentally make you fairer. The campaign had little impact and for several years the brand languished with poor sales. Subsequently Hindustan Lever management realised that Fair and Lovely was selling very well in UP and Bihar and the reason appeared to be that parents of prospective brides realised that the product could help in getting better bridegrooms for their daughters. Levers ran a cinema campaign (there was no TV then) with this theme delivered in a hard hitting commercial and sales zoomed. There was also a public outcry against the advertising by women’s groups and other concerned people which only helped to accelerate sales further. The ethical question that arises about whether Fair and Lovely was right in doing what they did still rages. The marketing man’s argument is straightforward. The desire to be fair or to marry a fair bride is deeply ingrained in our society. Levers only produced a product (Fair and Lovely) that met that requirement and was able to market it very effectively. That is the cornerstone of every marketing strategy taught in every textbook. What did they do wrong? Why should Levers be responsible for shaping social attitudes? What is the business of business?

The aftermath is even more interesting. Hindustan Lever pioneered the development of fairness creams and developed the technology in-house. A lot of marketing Gurus in India and overseas felt that the need for fairness was uniquely Indian and that there would never be a demand for such a product from Asia or anywhere outside the subcontinent. The fact is that as of now every major multinational company including L’Oreal, Nivea, P&G and a host of others markets fairness products all over Asia, the Middle East and Africa. Clearly the product fulfils a deep-seated need not only in India.

The question that arises is that should marketers attempt to lead social change? Tata Tea came up with a social awareness campaign: ‘Jago Re’ that talks about the responsibility of voters to exercise their franchise. In the same vein Tata Steel ran a campaign of how much they do for their employees and the community ‘We also make steel’ Is this sort of advertising useful and effective? Shareholders of these companies may argue that money is being wasted as a direct correlation between such campaigns and sales is difficult to establish. Whereas Tata loyalists will see the campaign as strengthening the brand image of the Tatas as ethical and socially responsible industrialists. But does that help to sell more tea or steel? What is the business of their business?

My own take on this is perfectly clear. Commercial enterprises exist to meet the objectives of their shareholders. In most cases this would translate into being profitable over the long haul. It is necessary for them to remain within the legal frameworks of where they operate. They should pay their taxes and treat all stakeholders as the law of the land requires. It is not incumbent on them to change, modify or ‘help’ society. Their contribution rests in providing employment and income for their direct and indirect employees. Anything else is presumptuous and a waste of time and money. In that context I question the recent legislation that requires companies to spend a percentage of their income on CSR. Such a law will only spawn a legion of freebooters as companies look for ways to spend the enormous sums involved. The Government cannot outsource their social responsibilities to the Private Sector. They should focus on governance and leave the business of business to business.